Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol Condensation Essay

Experiment 11: Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol condensation Introduction: The Aldol condensation reaction, under basic conditions, involves the nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion to another carbonyl group. The resulting product, a beta-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde, is called an aldol because it contains both and aldehyde group and the hydroxy group of alcohol. Condensations, including aldol condensation, combine two or more molecules, typically with a loss of a smaller molecule (including water or alcohol). In the presence of a base, the aldol condensation occurs by a nucleophilic addition of the enolate ion (a strong nucleophile) to a carbonyl group. The final step, protonation, gives the desired aldol. In this lab, the†¦show more content†¦Na+ -O-H * Ethanol= C2H6O; molar mass- 46.07 g/mol; BP- 78.4C; MP- -114.3C; IUPAC- ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol; safety- flammable, harmful. * Benzaldehyde= C7H6O; molar mass- 106.12 g/mol; BP- 178.1C; MP- -26C; IUPAC- phenylmethanol, benzoic aldehyde; safety- stable, combustible. * Acetone= C3H6O; molar mass- 58.08 g/mol; BP- 56.53C; MP- -94.9C; IUPAC- propanone; safety- flammable, harmful. * Dibenzalacetone= C17H14O; molar mass- 234.29 g/mol; MP- 110.5-112C; BP-: IUPAC- 1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one; safety- irritant. Results: i. Moles of benzaldehyde= 0.424g/106.12 g/mol= 0.0040 moles/2 moles= 0.0019977 moles ii. Moles of acetone= 0.116g/58.08 g/mol= 0.0019972 moles iii. Moles of sodium hydroxide= 3M x 0.004L= 0.012 moles iv. Moles of ethanol= 3mL x 0.789g/mL= 2.367g/46.07 g/mol= 0.0514 moles v. Moles of water= 9g/18g/mol= 0.5 moles vi. Limiting reagent= acetone vii. Theoretical moles of dibenzalacetone= 0.0019972 moles viii. Actual moles ofShow MoreRelatedAldol Condensation : An Experiment1163 Words   |  5 PagesAldol Condensation 2 March 2017 Delaney Griffin Ron Hickman Abstract: This experiment used Aldol Condensation, more specifically, double Claisen-Schmidt condensation in order to synthesize dibenzalacetone from benzaldehyde and acetone. In part one of the experiment, an aldol reaction occurred. In part two of the experiment, the product was recrystallized. The results concluded that the percent yield of dibenzalacetone was 82.80%. The melting point range of the product was 106.5  °C -109.3  °CRead MorePreparation of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol Condensation1483 Words   |  6 PagesPreparation of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol condensation David o Neill Date of experiment: 14/12/2011 Apparatus Steam bath, ice bath, Buchner funnel, beaker, conical flask, filter paper, TLC apparatus, Melting point apparatus Materials / chemicals Benzaldehyde, acetone, ethanolic sodium hydroxide, ethanol Introduction The synthesis of dibenzalacetone is formed from an Aldol condensation reaction. An Aldol condensation reaction is a very effective way of forming a carbon – carbon bond reaction, inRead MoreSynthesis of Dibenzalacetone1396 Words   |  6 PagesExperiment2: Preparation of Dibenzalacetone Aim: Using the cabon-cabon bond making ability in carbonyl chemistry, Dibenzalacetone is synthesized from 2 equivalent of benzaldehyde and 1 equivalent of acetone in a base catalyzed reaction. Physical Data1: *detailed risk and safety phrases are attached. substance Hazards, risks and safety practices MW (g/mol) Amt. Used Mol. mp (K) bp (K) density(g/cm^3) acetone R11, R36, R67, S9, S25, S26 58.08 0.24 g 0.004 178.2 329.4 0.79 benzaldehyde R22Read MoreExperiments1835 Words   |  8 Pagesenolate ions with carbonyl groups. One technique used was Doebner reaction and the other technique used was Claisen-Schmidt reaction. Therefore the aim of this experiment is to synthesize trans p-methoxycinnamic acid and to synthesize dibenzalacetone via an aldol condensation reaction between acetone and benzaldehyde. The products would be recrystallized using ethanol, then characterized using melting point analysis. Introduction: In this experiment we learnt on carbonyl compounds, enols and enolates

Huckleberry Finn Too Offensive For School - 880 Words

Huckleberry Finn too Offensive for School? A widely debated topic concerning, Mark Twain’s classic Huckleberry Finn centers on its content which may or may not be too offensive to be allowed on public school reading lists. The NAACP and concerned parents want Huckleberry Finn â€Å"removed from mandatory reading lists, for the books damaging effects on African-American students† (Hentoff 98). The book did not get removed; in â€Å"1998 Judge Reinhardt wrote: ‘an important part of education is thinking critically about offensive ideas’ † which is just one side of the argument (Hentoff 99). There are two sides of this debate which have valid points and even stronger feelings, to remove Huckleberry Finn or keep it in schools. The pro banning side declares the book has offensive language, racially insensitive, and the book encourages racial tension. The con banning side retorts First Amendment rights, knowledge stops repetition, and the book is anti-racist and teaches moral values. Huckleberry Finn is one of the most read classics, yet since its publication, has always stirred up trouble. The primary complaint against Huckleberry Finn is that it has too much offensive language. According to the New York Times the n-word appears in the book more than 200 times. The n-word mainly resulted in the book being taken off reading lists, along with its racial context encouraging debate. The opposition argues that words, no matter how offensive are protected by the First Amendment, whichShow MoreRelatedEssay about Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work1519 Words   |  7 PagesHuckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work â€Å"All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn,† this is what fellow writer had to say about this classic novel. Still, this novel has been the object of controversy since it was published more than 150 years ago. Some people argue that Huckleberry Finn is a racist work, and that the novel has no place in a highschool classroom. This feeling is generated because a main character in the story, Jim, and other slavesRead MoreBanned From School Curriculum By Robert Hirst1285 Words   |  6 PagesIf Huckleberry Finn is altered or banned from school curriculum, questions will surely be raised about censorship and whether or not it has become too extreme. Questions will also be raised as to why a word that is so often used in daily conversations could possibly get a work of literature banned. Robert Hirst, writer of â€Å"Huck Finn, Navigating Choppy Waters Again† touches on the subject of banning the book over its language. In his article, he touches on the fact that banning the book would leadRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain870 Words   |  3 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn,† by Mark Twain, is considered to be one of the greatest American works of art. The novel was published in 1885 and was â€Å"one book from which all modern American literature† came (Ernest Hemingway). The novel was so powerful because it introduced new ideas into book such as the vernacular language and strong expression of racism. As being one of the greatest American novels, it was one of the most controversial. This novel has faced banishment from schools and librariesRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1976 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough Huckleberry Finn can be brutally honest at times, it still provides readers with outstanding teaching moments throughout. The book shows just how big of an issue race was at one point in the United States. It also effectively uses Jim to show just how severe the punishment for runaway slaves was, something that many children are unaware of to this day. Besides the conflicts, the story also shows how people from two completely different backgrounds can bond with each other. In the story,Read MoreRacism of Yesterday and Today Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain in the middle of the nineteenth century. Much of the inspiration for the book came from Mark Twain’s own encounters. Twain’s experiences as a steamboat pilot from 1835 to 1845 provided a great deal of the historical context for his work. The novel revolves around a southern boy, Huck, and a slave named Jim who both reject society by running away in hopes of finding freedom. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn highlights and portrays theRead MoreShould the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Be Required in Shcool?983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn be required in sc hool? Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† is said to be one of the greatest American novels to ever be written and is what all other pieces of American literature are based off of. The novel has been debated for over an entire century and will continue to be debated for much longer. Never the less, Huckleberry Finn teaches young students and adults the important life lessons. †The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain shouldRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain983 Words   |  4 Pageseverything, especially with what words one can say or write. A person must be able to know when is the appropriate moment to say a certain something. This is Mark Twain is criticized about his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a novel about a runaway orphan boy named Huckleberry Finn who is accompanied by a runaway slave named Jim. As they sail down the Mississippi Rive, together they encounter problems and life lessons. Through out this novel Twain uses the term â€Å"nigger† because of this thereRead MoreWhy Should Huck Finn Be Banned? Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Should Huck Finn Be Banned? The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a novel by Mark Twain, has been controversial since it hit the shelves on its release. The novel had ideals of racism, slavery, tricks, and societal wake up calls that was a smack in the face to readers. This novel has been fought now and again to be censored, or to be banned altogether from public high school reading lists. Huck Finn is a novel in which the reader doesn’t have to look very far below the surface to see the messageRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1898 Words   |  8 Pagesideologies, but by race. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, arguably one of Mark Twain s greatest pieces he ever wrote, is a hot topic due to its exploration of racism throughout the novel. Mark Twain uses characters like Huck and Jim to create a storyline that goes through the Pre-Civil War South. By doing this, Mark allows us to see the true treatment of African Americans or as said in the book â€Å"Niggers†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Which brings to question how can such an offensive word be used so much in a book, and yetRead MoreThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer And The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essay2196 Words   |  9 Pagesbook from libraries and classrooms? This controversy is relevant towards Mark Twain, a world-famous author well-known for his novels titled The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Huck Finn). As stated by an English professor at Texas State University, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be recognized as â€Å"the most famous, most beloved, and most controversial novel featuring a prominent black character and written by a white author† (Tally Jr. 97). As this novel was written

How to Make Spanish Rice Free Essays

How to Make Spanish Rice Making Spanish rice is a fairly fast and easy process. It involves browning the rice, adding the ingredients, and cooking the rice. Before you begin you will need the following ingredients: cooking oil (vegetable or canola), long grain rice (I prefer Mahatma Jasmine), a tomato, an onion, water, and tomato bullion. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Make Spanish Rice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following seasonings are optional: Sazon Goya con azafran, Sazon Goya con culantro/achiote. found on Mexican food aisle at most grocery stores)You will also need a two quart sauce pan with a lid (a larger pan may be used, but the rice will cook faster, therefore the cooking time will vary), a large spoon, and a gas or electric stove top. You need to take caution not to brown the rice too fast. If you cook the Spanish rice according to the following process, the rice will be soft and moist, with no standing liquid in the pan. First you will need to brown the rice. In order to do this, you will need to add a half cup of cooking oil to a two quart sauce pan (a larger pan will work, but the rice will have more room to cook, therefore it will cook faster and take less time). Next, pre-heat the oil on medium heat for about two minutes. Then add two cups of long grain rice to the pre-heated oil. (I prefer Mahatma Jasmine long grain rice because it cooks fluffier and it looks better) Continue to cook the rice on medium heat, stirring often with a large spoon. While the rice is browning, chop a small tomato and half of a medium onion. When the rice starts to brown, you will need to stir the rice more frequently. The rice will burn if you fail to stir it often or have the heat too high. The rice will be a golden brown color when it is ready for the next process. Browning the rice usually takes about fifteen minutes. The second process is adding the ingredients. First, stir in the chopped onions and tomatoes. Then add five and a half cups of water and stir. Let the water heat, but not to boiling. When the water appears hot, add five teaspoons of Knorr tomato bullion. Then add two packets of each: Sazon Goya con azafran (orange/yellow box), Sazon Goya con culantro/achiote (two tone orange box). (This can be found on the Mexican aisle at most grocery stores. The Sazon Goya is optional. I use it because it gives the rice a little more color and I think a better flavor). Stir the mixture until the seasonings are well dissolved. Place the lid on the rice. You should then reduce the heat at this point to medium/low. The final step in cooking the Spanish rice doesn’t take long. I think it is the fastest process of the three. I usually let the rice cook for about thirteen-eighteen minutes. I do not stir the rice at all during this final step. I open the lid every few minutes to make sure the rice is not cooking too fast. You should see liquid for at least the first eight minutes or so. When you do not stir the rice, it appears fluffier and not so mushy looking. The Spanish rice will be ready when you no longer see standing liquid in the pan. You can carefully insert the large spoon down to the bottom of the pan of Spanish rice (without stirring) to make sure the rice is not cooking too fast and to see if the rice is ready. The rice will be soft when it is ready. Keep the lid on the pan until you are ready to serve it. If you have followed the previous steps of this process correctly, your Spanish rice will be fluffy and soft. If you browned the rice too fast, it will be hard and will not fully cook as it should. The rice will also have a burnt taste. In the event this happens, reduce the heat while you are browning the rice or stir more frequently the next time you make Spanish rice. If the Spanish rice is too dry or hard, it may be possible you had your heat to high after adding the ingredients. The next time you should cook it on a lower heat, or add a little more water. You may take into consideration that some stoves may vary. This process was done with an electric stove. You can make little tweaks in this process if you find it necessary. You can reduce the heat if the rice appears to cook to fast. The rice seldom ever cooks too slowly. If it cooks too slowly, it will usually just take a little longer to cook. How to cite How to Make Spanish Rice, Essay examples